OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005) OECD economic surveys: China. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). ISBN 92-64-01182-X/0376-6438
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China's economic growth has averaged 9« per cent over the past two decades. The rapid pace of economic change is likely to be sustained for some time. These gains have contributed not only to higher personal incomes, but also to a significant reduction in poverty. At the same time, the economy has become substantially integrated with the world economy. A large part of these gains have come through profound shifts in government policies. Reforms have allowed market prices and private investors to play a significant role in production and trade. The scope of private ownership has become substantial, producing well over half of GDP and an overwhelming share of exports. Private companies generate most new jobs and are improving the productivity and profitability of the whole economy. The government has restructured the state-owned business sector, resulting in a massive loss of jobs. Still, a large part of the state sector remains to be restructured; policies to facilitate this process have been identified and are being expanded. The performance of the business sector could be strengthened more through a further modernisation of the business framework and better enforcement of laws in the economic sphere, especially those for intellectual property rights. While fiscal policy has been run in a stabilising fashion, the outcome of monetary policy has been considerable volatility of inflation. Greater flexibility of the exchange rate would allow the authorities to guard against any further increase in inflation in both product and asset markets, more easily adapt monetary policy to domestic concerns, and allow market forces to determine bank interest rates to a greater extent. The change in the exchange rate arrangements announced in July 2005 is a step in that direction. Until five years ago, lending policies led to the accumulation of a considerable quantity of bad loans. The recapitalisation of more than two-thirds of the banking system to eliminate this historical burden is almost complete and the cost to public finances of completing the exercise, while substantial, appears to be manageable. Wide-ranging reforms have improved the capacity of banks to make market-based lending decisions. Overall, these policies appear to have been successful, as new loans have been of much higher quality, even using the new, more realistic, classification system for non-performing loans. Further progress will require a continued focus on improving governance and increasing private ownership. Policies designed to expand and further deregulate capital markets would improve the allocation of capital, lower the risk of further waste of savings, and minimise systemic risk. Rapid growth of revenues and control of expenditure has put public finances in a sound position. As a result there is scope to move towards less discriminatory taxation of different types of companies and activities, while maintaining low marginal tax rates. Expenditure on health and education both in rural areas and for migrants in urban areas could also be strengthened, but achieving this objective may require an overhaul of fiscal relations between different levels of governments. Such spending would help reduce inequalities but would need to be complemented by further labour market reforms. Additional reductions on the restraints to migration would help to facilitate a more rapid pace of urbanisation that could help to reduce income inequalities, especially if public services are guaranteed to newcomers and if those who leave rural areas do not lose their land-use rights. Increased urbanisation would need to be accompanied by policies designed to lower the high level of pollution in an efficient, economic fashion.
| Item Type: | Documents |
|---|---|
| Class Number: | 900.OEC003 |
| Keywords: | China, OECD, Economic Development, Trade, Economy, Surveys, Markets, GDP, FDI, Investments |
| Subjects: | Right to Resources |
| Depositing User: | Chitti Babu ICSF |
| Date Deposited: | 16 Feb 2022 06:43 |
| Last Modified: | 16 Feb 2022 06:43 |
| URI: | http://icsfarchives.net/id/eprint/9194 |
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